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Poultry Science Aug 2021Eggshell color is an important shell quality trait that influences consumer preference. It is also of particular importance with respect to sexual signaling and the... (Review)
Review
Eggshell color is an important shell quality trait that influences consumer preference. It is also of particular importance with respect to sexual signaling and the physiological and mechanical properties of shell pigment. Pigments include protoporphyrin IX, biliverdin, and traces of biliverdin zinc chelates, with brown eggs being notably rich in protoporphyrin IX, the synthesis of which has a marked effect on the intensity of brown eggshell color. This pigment is initially synthesized in the eggshell gland within the oviduct of laying hens and is subsequently deposited throughout the cuticular and calcareous layers of brown eggshell. In this review, we describe the factors affecting brown eggshell color and potential targets for the regulation of pigment synthesis. Protoporphyrin IX synthesis might be compromised by synthetase-mediated pigment synthesis, the redox status of the female birds, and regulation of the nuclear transcription factors associated with δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase1. We believe that this review will provide a valuable reference for those engaged in studying eggshell depigmentation.
Topics: Animals; Biliverdine; Chickens; Egg Shell; Female; Ovum; Pigmentation
PubMed: 34214744
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101273 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2002In this paper, we summarize the main progresses made in our group in the field of the mechanism of pigment gallstone formation. It was found that after treatment with... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we summarize the main progresses made in our group in the field of the mechanism of pigment gallstone formation. It was found that after treatment with free radicals, bilirubin (BR) was changed into free radical itself, and a semiquinone free radical and a superoxide free radical bound with metal were recognized, which was detected by ESR (electron spin resonance). By the means of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and IR (Infra-red spectra), it was postulated that bilirubin polymerized through the reaction between the vinyl group and the hydroxyl group under the attack of free radicals. It was also found that bilirubin free radical were liable to calcify in a kinetic study. Because of its chemical properties, bilirubin free radical was shown to be cytotoxic to hepatocyte, which was demonstrated based on the following facts: induction of phospholipid peroxidation (LPO), leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decrease of glutathione. As to the mechanism of bilirubin-induced cytotoxicity, it was postulated that the main target of bilirubin free radical was the cell membrane, including phospholipid and membrane bound proteins, especially spectrin, a content of cytoskeleton. Based on the results mentioned above, it was deduced that bilirubin free radical is the key factor that initiates and promotes the formation of pigment gallstone, which is consistent with other researches in recent years.
Topics: Bilirubin; Cholelithiasis; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radicals; Humans; Pigments, Biological
PubMed: 12046060
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.413 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Dec 2011Bilirubin and biliverdin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their exogenous administration protects against the effects of inflammation and trauma...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Bilirubin and biliverdin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their exogenous administration protects against the effects of inflammation and trauma in experimental models. Despite the therapeutic potential of bile pigments, little is known about their in vivo parenteral or enteral absorption after exogenous administration. This study investigated the absorption and pharmacokinetics of bile pigments after i.v., i.p. and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration in addition to their metabolism and routes of excretion.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Anaesthetized Wistar rats had their bile duct, jugular and portal veins cannulated. Bile pigments were infused and their circulating concentrations/biliary excretion were measured over 180 min. KEY RESULTS After i.v. administration of unconjugated bilirubin, biliverdin and bilirubin ditaurate, their plasma concentrations decreased exponentially over time. Subsequently, native and metabolized compounds appeared in the bile. When administered i.p., their absolute bioavailabilities equalled 14.0, 16.1 and 33.1%, respectively, and correspondingly 38, 28 and 34% of the same bile pigment doses were excreted in the bile. Administration of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubin ditaurate i.d. increased their portal and systemic concentrations and their systemic bioavailability equalled 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Correspondingly, 2.7 and 4.6%, of the doses were excreted in the bile. Biliverdin was rapidly metabolized and these products were absorbed and excreted via the urine and bile.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Bile pigment absorption from the peritoneal and duodenal cavities demonstrate new routes of administration for the treatment of inflammatory and traumatic pathology. Oral biliverdin administration may lead to the production of active metabolite that protect from inflammation/complement activation.
Topics: Absorption; Animals; Bile; Bilirubin; Biliverdine; Biological Availability; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal Contents; Injections; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Peritoneal Cavity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taurine
PubMed: 21486273
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01413.x -
Turk Patoloji Dergisi 2021The aim of the study is to do a clinicopathologic study of post mortem kidney biopsies with significant deposition of bilirubin pigment within tubular epithelial cells...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study is to do a clinicopathologic study of post mortem kidney biopsies with significant deposition of bilirubin pigment within tubular epithelial cells and in the lumen of distal tubules as a bile cast.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
All post mortem specimens with acute tubular necrosis, with the presence of bile casts in tubules or bile pigment deposition in the tubular epithelium during the period 2015-2018 were examined for gross and histopathology along with biochemical parameters and viral markers.
RESULTS
Bile casts with sloughed renal tubular epithelial cells and occasional macrophages were present in the distal convoluted tubule in 78.6% of biopsies (11/14). The plugging of distal convoluted tubule with casts was similar to that seen in myeloma and myoglobin cast nephropathies. Bilirubin pigment deposition was present in 35.7% (5/14) of cases. The frequency of bile casts in each biopsy was variable and it did not have any association with serum bilirubin levels or etiology of liver dysfunction. A striking difference from earlier studies is the high number of toxin-induced liver damage including six cases of paraquat and 2 cases of yellow phosphorus poisoning.
CONCLUSION
This study proves importance of the bile cast nephropathy as a reason for kidney injury, especially with varied hepatotoxic etiologies, especially paraquat and yellow phosphorus.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Bile; Bilirubin; Child; Hepatorenal Syndrome; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Middle Aged; Nephrosis; Paraquat; Phosphorus
PubMed: 34514566
DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2021.01532 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Jan 2024Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases strongly rely on the sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of specific biomarkers in relevant...
BACKGROUND
Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases strongly rely on the sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of specific biomarkers in relevant biological samples. Free biliverdin and free bilirubin represent important new biomarkers of oxidative stress, however, the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination has hindered progress in biomedical and clinical research.
RESULTS
Here, we introduce a first comprehensive approach for robust and simultaneous determination of these bilins in serum using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The developed analytical method exhibits linearity for both analytes within the concentration range of 0.5-100 nM, with limits of detection and quantitation determined at 0.1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Moreover, several analytical pitfalls related to the intrinsic molecular structures of free bilirubin and free biliverdin and their trace concentration levels in biological samples are discussed here in detail for the first time. We have shown that the solubility, chemical stability, and affinity of these bilins to various materials strongly depend on the solvent, pH, and addition of stabilizing and chelating agents. Finally, the validated LC-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of both bilins in fetus bovine serums, yielding higher free bilirubin/biliverdin ratios compared with previously reported values for human serum.
SIGNIFICANCE
Failure to recognize and address the challenges presented here often leads to substantial analytical errors and consequently biased interpretation of the obtained results. This pertains not only to LC-MS, but also to many other analytical platforms due to the compound-derived sources of error.
Topics: Humans; Biliverdine; Bilirubin; Chromatography, Liquid; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38182377
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342073 -
Journal of Health, Population, and... Nov 2017The prevalence of cholesterol gallstones is high in Western populations, while pigment gallstones are common in Asian populations. Dietary factors are suggested to be...
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of cholesterol gallstones is high in Western populations, while pigment gallstones are common in Asian populations. Dietary factors are suggested to be associated with gallstone risk, but their relationship with gallstone type has not been evaluated. This study investigated the association between diet and risk of cholesterol gallstone or pigment gallstone in a Korean population whose dietary pattern and type of gallstone were changed during the last 30 years.
METHODS
Patients with cholesterol (n = 40) and pigment (n = 59) gallstones were recruited after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were compared with those of age- and sex-matched controls without gallstones (n = 99). Dietary intakes were assessed by trained dietitians using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to examine the associations between diet and risk for type of gallstones adjusted by potential confounders.
RESULTS
Patients with cholesterol gallstone consumed more lipid, animal lipid, beef, pork, and fried food than those with pigment gallstones and control, while patients with pigment gallstone consumed more carbohydrate and noodles than patients with cholesterol gallstone and control. In multinomial logistic regression analysis using control as reference group, dietary pattern with high consumption of beef, pork, and fried food was associated with risk of cholesterol gallstones, while there was no association between the risk of pigment gallstone and dietary pattern. In addition, control consumed more alcohol than patients with cholesterol and pigment gallstones.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggested consumption of fat from meat and fried foods increased the risk of cholesterol gallstone, and intake of carbohydrate from noodles increased the risk of pigment gallstone.
Topics: Adult; Bile Pigments; Case-Control Studies; Cholecystectomy; Cholesterol; Diet; Diet Records; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Female; Gallstones; Humans; Laparoscopy; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Republic of Korea; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 29169372
DOI: 10.1186/s41043-017-0116-y -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Sep 1977
Topics: Bile; Bile Pigments; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Cholelithiasis; Cholesterol; Humans; Solubility
PubMed: 918078
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Jan 1911These experiments indicate that, in obstructive jaundice, the bile which escapes from the liver is absorbed by the hepatic capillaries and carried by the blood to the...
These experiments indicate that, in obstructive jaundice, the bile which escapes from the liver is absorbed by the hepatic capillaries and carried by the blood to the kidneys. The presence of a thoracic duct fistula influences in no way the development of icterus after total obstruction of the common bile duct. Bile pigments, sufficient to give a Salkowski test, may or may not appear in the lymph of the thoracic duct in such experiments, their appearance possibly depending upon the rapidity of bile secretion and the amount of lymph flow. Chronic icterus developing in an animal with a thoracic duct fistula gives an interesting distribution of bile pigments in the body fluids. The lymph and pericardial fluid contain the same amount, which is much less than the content of bile pigment in the blood serum and urine. It seems clear that in both acute and chronic obstructive jaundice the lymphatic apparatus takes no essential or active part in the absorption of bile pigments from the liver. At best, the lymphatic system is a secondary factor in the mechanism of jaundice.
PubMed: 19867390
DOI: 10.1084/jem.13.1.115 -
Die Naturwissenschaften May 2023Carpenter bees can display distinct colouration patterns due to structural coloured wings and/or coloured hairs on their bodies. Females of the sexually dichromatic...
Carpenter bees can display distinct colouration patterns due to structural coloured wings and/or coloured hairs on their bodies. Females of the sexually dichromatic Xylocopa caerulea are marked by strongly blue-pigmented hairs on the head, thorax and abdomen. The thorax of female X. confusa is covered by yellow-pigmented hairs. The diffuse pigmentary colouration of the blue and yellow hairs is effectively enhanced by strongly scattering granules. The absorption spectrum of the blue pigment of X. caerulea has a maximum at 605 nm and is probably a bilin (a bile pigment). The absorption spectrum of the yellow pigment of X. confusa has a maximum at 445 nm and may be a pterin. The thoracic hairs of female X. confusa contain also a minor amount of the bilin. The reflectance spectra of the pigmented hairs suggest that the pigments are tuned to the spectral sensitivity of the bees' photoreceptors and provide spectral contrast with a green background.
Topics: Female; Animals; Bees; Bile Pigments; Hair; Thorax
PubMed: 37219688
DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01854-9 -
American Journal of Respiratory Cell... Sep 2009Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a ubiquitous inducible stress-response protein, serves a major metabolic function in heme turnover. HO activity cleaves heme to form... (Review)
Review
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a ubiquitous inducible stress-response protein, serves a major metabolic function in heme turnover. HO activity cleaves heme to form biliverdin-IXalpha, carbon monoxide (CO), and iron. Genetic experiments have revealed a central role for HO-1 in tissue homeostasis, protection against oxidative stress, and in the pathogenesis of disease. Four decades of research have witnessed not only progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation and function of this illustrious enzyme, but also have opened remarkable translational applications for HO-1 and its reaction products. CO, once regarded as a metabolic waste, can act as an endogenous mediator of cellular signaling and vascular function. Exogenous application of CO by inhalation or pharmacologic delivery can confer cytoprotection in preclinical models of lung/vascular injury and disease, based on anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties. The bile pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin, end products of heme degradation, have also shown potential as therapeutics in vascular disease based on anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Further translational and clinical trials research will unveil whether the HO-1 system or any of its reaction products can be successfully applied as molecular medicine in human disease.
Topics: Animals; Bilirubin; Biliverdine; Carbon Monoxide; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cytoprotection; Genetic Therapy; Heme; Heme Oxygenase-1; Homeostasis; Humans; Iron; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 19617398
DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0170TR